ARC Main Page Belzec Camp History

Belzec Perpetrators

An overview of the German and Austrian SS and Police Staff

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Last Update 23 September 2006





No study has been undertaken of the social background of the German and Austrian Belzec perpetrators. The following brief analysis is based on information disclosed at the trials of those men who served at the Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka camps and who were brought to trial as war criminals.
Almost all of them came from the lower middle class. Their fathers were factory workers, craftsmen, salesmen, or shop workers. Most of them had finished extended elementary school, some lower high school, and a few had attended a secondary school. Some had gone to commercial schools or had received vocational training. Those who were former euthanasia programme employees were mostly former nurses, craftsmen, farm workers, or salesmen. Almost all of the accused were members of either the NSDAP (Nazi party), the police, the SS (Schutzstaffel) or the SA (Sturmabteilung). Some had joined these organizations before Hitler came to power, others joined the party later. Their average age was between thirty and forty at the time they served at Belzec, Sobibor or Treblinka.
The personnel who ran the camps and supervised the extermination activities were absolutely ordinary people. They were not assigned their tasks because of any exceptional qualities or characteristics. The anti-Semitism that festered within them was no doubt part of their milieu and was an accepted phenomenon among large segments of German society. Many of them were married, and most had no criminal record.


SS men posing in front of Wirth's villa


They had either volunteered to serve in the SS or had been drafted into its ranks. So it was not unusual that a man wore a SS uniform but received his salary from his real employer, the German police or Aktion T4, the Nazi euthanasia programme.

These men always carried out the murder of hundreds of thousands of men, women and children loyally and unquestioningly. What is more, they constantly displayed initiative in trying to improve the extermination process. An integral aspect of their duties was that they were also to exhibit cruelty toward their victims, and many of them contributed their own ideas and innovations for various forms of torture that served to entertain them all. Under the Nazi regime, these perfectly ordinary people were turned into something extraordinarily inhuman. (Arad, p.24)
Source and pertinent material on the daily lives of these men in Belzec, on their personal feelings about the tasks that they carried out, and their relationship to their innocent victims is almost nonexistent.
Men, more than anxious to cover up their past, were not about to sit down and record their memoirs. Even at the trials at which some of them were forced to attest to their deeds, very little was brought out about their personal feelings and experiences. The primary sources on the behaviour of these perpetrators and their actual relationship to their victims are the testimonies of those who survived the camps, as well as some material and evidence that was submitted during their trials.
The prisoners used to nickname the various men in SS uniform, and these names were indicative of their reputations and activities in the camp. These nicknames were also a type of code to be used as a warning when a particular SS man appeared in a certain area of the camp. (Adapted from: Arad, p.180-181)

Taking the above restrictions on information into account, it is nevertheless possible to compile a reasonably comprehensive staff list of Belzec perpetrators.


The intention of this staff list is to highlight the number of personnel involved in the running of this death camp, and how relatively few were actually brought to trial as perpetrators of a crime against humanity.
The staff list is compiled from known evidence and information from various sources, however scant, about the perpetrators. This list is also under constant revision as many details are incomplete. Any entries if proven inaccurate, will be edited in future updates (see end of document).
BDC = Berlin Document Center

SS collar tabs, ranks, and abbreviations:

Reichsführer-SS / RFSS = General of the army
SS-Oberstgruppenführer und Generaloberst der Waffen-SS / Ostgruf = General
SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS / Ogruf = Lt General
SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS / Gruf = Major General
SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Waffen-SS / Brigaf = Brigadier General
SS-Oberführer / Obf = Senior Colonel
SS-Standartenführer / Staf = Colonel
SS-Obersturmbannführer / Ostubaf = Lt Colonel
SS-Sturmbannführer / Stubaf = Major
SS-Hauptsturmführer / Hstuf = Captain
SS-Obersturmführer / Ostuf = 1st Lieutenant
SS-Untersturmführer / Ustuf = 2nd Lieutenant
SS-Sturmscharführer / Stuscha = Sergeant Major
SS-Hauptscharführer / Hscha = Master Sergeant
SS-Oberscharführer / Oscha = Technical Sergeant
SS-Scharführer / Schaf = Staff Sergeant
SS-Unterscharführer / Uscha = Sergeant
SS-Rottenführer / Rttf = Corporal
SS-Sturmmann / Strmm = Lance Corporal
SS-Oberschütze = Private 1st class
SS-Schütze = Private

Belzec garrison
Erwin Fichtner carrying a bouquet of flowers for his
girlfriend whilst visiting Zamosc at the weekend
on leave.
Click for enlargement

The SS-garrison only comprised twenty to thirty men stationed in the camp at any given time.

This list contains the names of men - mainly SS - who were assigned duties at Belzec during the time of its existence.

Members of the SS held key positions in the camp and many of the staff belonged to a police detachment of unknown origin. A few were civilians. Staff were transferred between Aktion Reinhard camps and may have been in Belzec only briefly. It cannot be ascertained if this list contains all of the staff that served at the camp as not all of the names of the camp staff or their specific function could be gleaned from witness reports.

Most of the SS camp personnel first worked in the euthanasia programme (Aktion T4). However, it cannot be ascertained which of them were so employed, and therefore only where activity with regard to T4 is known is this detailed.

After the three Aktion Reinhard camps were demolished, most of the personnel were posted to Trieste in Italy, to assist with the suppression of partisan activities. As the war drew to a close the Nazi command realised that the staff and commanders could incriminate their superiors and they were consequently sent to dangerous areas where some of them, such as Wirth, were killed. As Stangl said afterwards, "we were an embarrassment to the brass. They wanted to find ways to incinerate us".

EXTERMINATION CAMP HIGH-COMMAND


WIRTH, Christian SS-Sturmbannführer SS-Number: 345 464
24/11/1885 - 26/05/1944

Inspector of all Aktion Reinhard death camps and in charge of DAW (Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke) at Lublin Airfield.

BACKGROUND:
Born in Oberbalzheim, Württemberg. After leaving school he trained as a carpenter. Served in the army from 1905 until 1910. Policeman since 1910. During WW1 in the army again, since 1917 in the military police. After WW1 to the Stuttgart Kripo, became a Kriminal Kommissar by 1939. NSDAP 1931 (no. 420.383), SA 1933, SS 1939.
In October 1939 to Grafeneck euthanasia centre. Then in Brandenburg, Hadamar (chief of registry office) and Hartheim (head clerk and chief of police until Summer 1941).
In mid-1940, Wirth was appointed as a kind of roving director or inspector of all euthanasia institutions throughout the Third Reich. At the Brandenburg euthanasia centre, he experimented in developing gas chambers for gassing the physically and mentally disabled.

SERVICE AT BELZEC, SOBIBOR AND TREBLINKA:
After the official cessation of the euthanasia programme (September 1941) he was ordered to join the staff of SS- und Polizeiführer im Distrikt Lublin Odilo Globocnik. The experience gained by Wirth in the euthanasia institutions, his enthusiasm for National Socialism, as well as his innate cruelty were all put to use when he assumed command of Belzec and later was appointed inspector of the Aktion Reinhard death camps. Not only was he the inspector of the death camps and, in this capacity, the actual commander, but also it was he who developed the entire system of the extermination machine in these camps. It was Wirth who introduced the regime of terror and death in the Aktion Reinhard camps and influenced the daily life and sufferings of the Jewish prisoners there more than any other commander. Because of his cruelty he became known as "Christian the Terrible" by his subordinates. The killing system, as developed by Wirth, enabled the murder of tens of thousands of Jews every day in the three death camps under his jurisdiction.
Wirth according to Suchomel: "if only someone had had the courage to kill Christian Wirth - then Aktion Reinhard would have collapsed. Berlin would not have found another man with such energy for evil and nastiness." (Tregenza, p.7)

FATE:
Wirth was posted to Trieste (Italy) in September 1943 and commanded the SS-Einsatzkommando R, which was composed of former Aktion Reinhard members. On 26 May 1944 partisans killed Wirth near Trieste. His grave (no 716) is marked by a great cross in the German Military Cemetery at Costermano, near Verona (Italy).

Photo: Donat


The Belzec Camp "Architect"

THOMALLA, Richard SS-Hauptsturmführer
23/10/1903 - 12/05/1945

BACKGROUND:
Born in Annahof. Member of NSDAP (no. 1.238.872) and SS (no. 41206). No further details known.

SERVICE AT BELZEC, SOBIBOR AND TREBLINKA:
"Architect" of all three Aktion Reinhard death camps and their temporary commander.

Richard Thomalla was the "architect" of Belzec. On 1 November 1941 the construction of Belzec started. It ended in March 1942. At first Polish workers were used, later they were replaced by Jews from the surrounding ghettos.

FATE:
Thomalla was executed by NKWD (Russian Secret Service) in Jicin, Czechoslovakia on 12 May 1945.

BELZEC CAMP COMMANDANTS


WIRTH, Christian SS-Sturmbannführer SS-Number: 345 464
24/11/1885 - 26/05/1944

Inspector of all Aktion Reinhard death camps and in charge of DAW (Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke) at Lublin Airfield.

BACKGROUND:
Born in Oberbalzheim, Württemberg. After leaving school he trained as a carpenter, after WW1 as a builder. Served in the army from 1905 until 1910. Policeman since 1910. During WW1 in the army again, since 1917 in the military police. After WW1 to the Stuttgart Kripo, became a Kriminal Kommissar by 1939. NSDAP 1931 (no. 420.383), SA 1933, SS 1939.
In October 1939 to Grafeneck euthanasia centre. Then in Brandenburg, Hadamar (chief of registry office) and Hartheim (head clerk and chief of police until Summer 1941).
In mid-1940, Wirth was appointed as a kind of roving director or inspector of all euthanasia institutions throughout the Third Reich. At the Brandenburg euthanasia centre, he experimented in developing gas chambers for gassing the physically and mentally disabled.
SERVICE AT BELZEC, SOBIBOR AND TREBLINKA:
After the official cessation of the euthanasia programme (September 1941) he was ordered to join the staff of SS- und Polizeiführer im Distrikt Lublin Odilo Globocnik. The experience gained by Wirth in the euthanasia institutions, his enthusiasm for National Socialism, as well as his innate cruelty were all put to use when he assumed command of Belzec and later was appointed inspector of the Aktion Reinhard death camps. Not only was he the inspector of the death camps and, in this capacity, the actual commander, but also it was he who developed the entire system of the extermination machine in these camps. It was Wirth who introduced the regime of terror and death in the Aktion Reinhard camps and influenced the daily life and sufferings of the Jewish prisoners there more than any other commander. Because of his cruelty he became known as "Christian the Terrible" by his subordinates. The killing system, as developed by Wirth, enabled the murder of tens of thousands of Jews every day in the three death camps under his jurisdiction.
Wirth according to Suchomel: "if only someone had had the courage to kill Christian Wirth - then Aktion Reinhard would have collapsed. Berlin would not have found another man with such energy for evil and nastiness." (Tregenza, p.7)
FATE:
Wirth was posted to Trieste (Italy) in September 1943 and commanded the SS-Einsatzkommando R, which was composed of former Aktion Reinhard members. On 26 May 1944 partisans killed Wirth near Trieste. His grave (no 716) is marked by a great cross in the German Military Cemetery at Costermano, near Verona (Italy).

Photo: Donat


HERING, Gottlieb SS-Hauptsturmführer
02/06/1887 - 09/10/1945

BACKGROUND:
Born in Warmbronn near Leonberg. Profession: Policeman (Kriminalinspektor). After WW1 he worked at the C.I.D in Stuttgart, where he became acquainted with Wirth. 1940 to T4. Chief of the registry offices of Bernburg, Sonnenstein and Hadamar euthanasia centres. Also served at Hartheim. Member of the NSDAP, and SS since 1943.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
In August 1942 he replaced Wirth as camp commander, because of Wirth's appointment as chief inspector of all Aktion Reinhard camps. Under Hering's rule at least 350,000 Jews were killed in Belzec.

FATE:
After the liquidation of Belzec in spring 1943, he became commander of the forced labour camp Poniatowa. On 4 November 1943 all Jewish inmates of the camp were shot in the course of Aktion Erntefest. In 1944 he was ordered to Italy, where he again replaced Wirth as chief of Kommando R 1 in Trieste after Wirth's death.
On 9 October 1945 he died as a result of illness at the Katherinen Hospital in Stetten im Remstal, Germany.

Photo: GFH


Lower ranking SS Camp Personnel

Listed in alphabetical order.
Spelling of surnames is used as listed in authoritative sources such as trial files etc.
Surnames with alternative spelling as found in various other sources are denoted.


BÄR, Rudolf SS-Unterscharführer
28/03/1906 - ?/?/? (last name perhaps Baer)

BACKGROUND:
Carpenter from Halle. Cook at Bernburg. Perhaps at Brandenburg.
Belonged to Waffen-SS squad, rank unknown.

SERVICE AT TREBLINKA:
Bookkeeper / accountant in the camp office, located in Stangl's barrack. Mätzig filled this post when Stangl became commandant.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
Served as auditor.

FATE:
May 1945 in the POW camp Kirchbach in Kärnten / Austria. Went into hiding. No further details known.


BARBL, Heinrich SS-Rottenführer (BDC)
03/03/1900 - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
Born in Sarleinsbach (Austria). Metalworker. Member of NSDAP and SS. Served at the euthanasia killing centres Grafeneck and Hartheim, preparing metal discs for the urns with the names of the deceased. He took the ash from a big heap. Therefore the relatives received urns with the right name but the wrong contents (Hartheim).

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
Here he also installed the gas pipes for the gas chambers. According to testimony of Bauer he was constantly drunk.

SERVICE AT SOBIBOR:
Came to the East in 1942. Served in Sobibor during the construction phase. Installed the gas pipes for the gas chambers in Camp III together with Fuchs. According to his own admission he was only three months in Sobibor. He called himself "Hausklempner" (house plumber) in Belzec and Sobibor.

FATE:
Accused in the Sobibor Trial in Hagen on 6 September 1965. No further details known.


BOROWSKI, Werner SS-Untersturmführer
23/10/1913 - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
Born in Sprottischdorf (Schlesien). Affiliation to squad or detachment unknown.
Served at Bernburg euthanasia centre as economic chief.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
Early 1942 ordered to Belzec together with Niemann, Barbl and Graetschus.

SERVICE AT TREBLINKA:
Became head of economics section. Because of typhus epidemic he was sent back to Bernburg.

FATE:
Member of the German Airforce, killed in action, missing.


DACHSEL, Arthur
?/?/1890 - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
"Burner" at Sonnenstein. Member of SS. Police rank: Wachtmeister.

SERVICE AT SOBIBOR AND BELZEC:
After Belzec he was ordered to Sobibor where he supervised the construction of Lager IV (BDC). Promoted Oberwachtmeister by Himmler.

FATE:
He disappeared in 1945.


DUBOIS, Werner SS-Oberscharführer
26/02 (05 BDC)/1913 - ?/?/1973

BACKGROUND:
Born in Wuppertal. Brought up by his grandmother. Eight years elementary school. Worked as joiner, brushmaker, printer and on a farm. Member of SA since July 1933, NSDAP and SS since January 1937 (SS-Totenkopfverband Brandenburg). Driver at SS-Gruppenkommando Oranienburg. Driver and guard at the concentration camp Sachsenhausen.
In August 1939 to T4. Bus driver in Brandenburg and Grafeneck. "Burner" and bus driver in Bernburg (from early 1941 until mid 1941) and Hadamar. As "burner" he also transported corpses and urns.
In late 1941 OT (Organisation Todt) in Russia as driver for wounded soldiers in Wjasma.
In early April 1942 he was ordered to Lublin for service in Aktion Reinhard.
SERVICE AT BELZEC:
In Belzec from April 1942 until April 1943. There he worked as a truckdriver and supervised the Jewish special command at the gas chambers. He gave detailed evidence of how he killed six people in this camp - even remembering after 28 years that he used a 9mm Belgian FN-pistol. He also supervised the arrival of transports. In one instance, he shot 6 incapacitated Jews on Wirth's order, and threw them into the ditch.
Early June 1943, after the liquidation of Belzec, he was transferred to Sobibor.

SERVICE AT SOBIBOR:
Here he supervised the Waldkommando, served at the ramp and the Lazarett. A fellow SS man typified him as a Draufgänger (daredevil), who stopped at nothing and nobody and was always shooting a lot. He was responsible for the supervision of the Waldkommando in the forest, when five of the Arbeitshäftlinge managed to escape.
During the revolt he was heavily wounded at the armoury by axe blows, a knife attack and a shot in the lungs. He had to be treated at the hospital in Chelm Lubelski.

FATE:
Ordered to Italy, to fight against partisans and to serve in "Aktion R".
In May 1945 he was arrested by US troops. Released in December 1947. Until his final arrest he worked as locksmith.
Notwithstanding the fact that he murdered six Jews, he was acquitted at the Belzec Trial (1963 - 64) in München. However in the Sobibor trial (Hagen 1966) he was sentenced to 3 years imprisonment due to his involvement in the murder of at least 15,000 people in Sobibor.
He died in Münster.


FEIX, Reinhold SS-Hauptscharführer
03/07/1909 - ?/?/1969 (BDC)

BACKGROUND:
From Gablonz (on the Neisse river). Tall, fair, typical Aryan appearance. Probably policeman. Came from Trawniki.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
According to Franciszek Piper (member of the editorial staff of 2nd edition of Reder's testimony) Feix commanded the Ukrainian crew (Trawnikis), num­bering about 60 - 80 persons.

Rudolf Reder stated:
"Feix practiced cruelty in a dif­ferent way. It was said he came from Gablonz on the Neisse and was married and the father of two children. He spoke the way intelligent people speak. He talked quickly. If someone failed to understand him at once, he beat him and screamed to the high heavens like a madman. Once, when he ordered the kitchen painted, and a Jewish doctor of chemistry was doing it, standing right at the top of a ladder just under the ceiling, Feix ordered him to climb down every few minutes and beat him across the face with his riding crop, so that the man's face was swelled up and was covered with blood. That was how he did his job. Feix seemed abnormal. He played the violin. He ordered the orchestra to play the Polish melody "Highlander, have you no regrets?" until they dropped. He commanded people to sing and dance and he toyed with them and tortured them. The beast went amok."
Feix's paybook

FATE:
After Belzec ordered to Budzyn labour camp as Lagerführer in spring 1943.


FICHTNER, Erwin
12/01/1912 (11/04/06 (BDC))- 23/03/1943

BACKGROUND:
Born in Trachenberg. Member of SS. 1939 to T4. Cook at Bernburg.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
Camp quartermaster.

FATE:
Killed by partisans on 23 March 1943 near Tarnowatka. Buried at the German Military Cemetery in Przemysl, Poland.
PHOTO:
Bundesarchiv Berlin, signature: RUS 3.


FLOSS, Herbert SS-Scharführer
25/08/1912 - 22/10/1943

BACKGROUND:
Affiliation to squad or detachment unknown. Became member of NSDAP in 1930, SA in 1931 and SS in 1935.
Born in Reinholdshain. Attended extended elementary school. Trained in textile dyeing, he could not secure a position and consequently worked in several other jobs.
Since 1 April 1935 he served in the "2. Totenkopfsturmbann 'Elbe'" as SS-Scharführer.
Served at Bernburg.

SERVICE AT BELZEC AND SOBIBOR:
Floss was not on the permanent staff of Belzec. He was there only to start the cremations. After Belzec he was ordered to Sobibor.

SERVICE AT TREBLINKA:
Floss was to make a name for himself as the Aktion Reinhard cremation expert in which capacity he served at Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka.
Floss according to Heinrich Matthes, the commander of Camp II in Treblinka: "At that time SS-Oberscharführer or Hauptscharführer (Herbert) Floss, who, as I assume, was previously in another extermination camp, arrived. He was in charge of the arrangements for cremating the corpses. The cremation took place in such a way that railway lines and concrete blocks were placed together. The corpses were piled on these rails. Brushwood was put under the rails. The wood was doused with petrol. In that way not only the newly accumulated corpses were cremated, but also those taken out from the graves." (Arad, p. 173)
He is also described in the following way: "The burning of corpses received the proper incentive only after an instructor had come down from Auschwitz." The specialists in this new profession were businesslike, practical and conscientious. The instructor in incineration at Treblinka was nicknamed by the Jews as Tadellos (perfect); that was his favourite expression. "Thank God, now the fire's perfect," he used to say when, with the help of gasoline and the bodies of the fatter females, the pile of corpses finally burst into flames. (Donat, p.38)
By the end of July 1943, the Jewish "death brigade" in Camp II, supervised by SS man Floss, had cremated about 700,000 corpses. (Tregenza, p.57)

FATE:
Died in 1943, killed by Ukrainian guards in Zawadowka near Chelm.


FRANZ, Kurt Hubert SS-Untersturmführer SS-Number: 319 906
17/01/1914 - 04/07/1998

BACKGROUND:
Not a member of NSDAP or affiliated organizations. Belonged to the Waffen-SS.

Born in Düsseldorf. Extended elementary school from 1920 - 1928 in Düsseldorf.
Since 1929 he was trained as a cook, at first in the restaurant "Hirschquelle", then in "Hotel Wittelsbacher Hof" in Düsseldorf without final examination. Soldier during 1935 - 1937. In October 1937 he joined the Waffen-SS (3. SS-Totenkopfstandarte Thüringen). End of 1939 summoned to the Führer's Chancellery and detailed for service as cook in the euthanasia institutes at Grafeneck, Hartheim, Sonnenstein and Brandenburg.
As member of the 6th battalion he served at the Buchenwald concentration camp in 1941 (SS Clothing Department, perhaps cook).
On 30 January 1940 he was promoted SS-Unterscharführer, in 1941 (?) SS-Scharführer. During Spring 1942 ordered to the Generalgouvernement.

SERVICE AT BELZEC AND TREBLINKA:
Kommandant of Treblinka, from 27 August 1943 - November 1943.
In spring 1942 (as SS-Scharführer) to Belzec. On 20 April promoted SS-Oberscharführer. He worked as cook, and trained the Ukrainian guards there. In August/September 1942 he was ordered to Treblinka where he took over the Ukrainian guard squads and rose to be deputy camp commandant. Commandant of Treblinka, from 27 August 1943 until November 1943. Promoted SS-Untersturmführer on 21 June 1943.
Franz was the dominant personality in Treblinka when it came to the day-to-day running of the camp, and especially with regard to the prisoners. To the prisoners Franz was the cruellest and most frightening among the SS personnel in the camp. His physical appearance was extremely deceiving: he was nice-looking; he had a round, almost baby- face; and he was younger than most of the other SS men. He was therefore nicknamed "Lalke" ("doll" in Yiddish) by the prisoners. However, he was a murderer and a sadist who made the prisoners' lives a nightmare.

FATE:
Ordered to Trieste, where he took part in killing partisans and Jews. Imprisoned by US Forces after the war. He escaped from prison and worked again as a cook. In 1959 he was imprisoned again. Sentenced to life imprisonment by the German Landgericht Düsseldorf on 3 September 1965. Died in an old people's home in Wuppertal on 4 July 1998.

See the Franz Photo Story!


FUCHS, Erich SS-Unterscharführer
09/04/1902 (19/04/02 (BDC))- 25/07/1980 (1984 (BDC))

BACKGROUND:
Born in Berlin. Elementary school education. Since May 1933 or 1934 member of NSDAP and SA, later member of the SS.
Profession: skilled motor mechanic and automotive foreman. Before the war (1939), he was a driver in Berlin. Paid the NSDAP fee only a few times (no money) and received no membership book.
In 1940 or summer 1941 drafted to T4. Worked as Dr Eberl's driver in the gassing centres Brandenburg and Bernburg, and was, as he expressed it himself, "an interested spectator" at the gassing of 50 mental patients.
Was driver of a lorry, fetching food for the staff, for a short time. In March / April 1942 he was sent "to the East".

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
In Belzec he installed gassing systems, worked as a truckdriver, in the motor pool and transported material to the campsite. He was two times in Belzec: From early 1942 until May (?) 1942, and from November 1942 until December 1942.

SERVICE AT SOBIBOR:
In April / May 1942 he, as chief technician of T4, picked up a Russian petrol driven tank motor in Lviv (together with Stangl and Bauer), which he installed together with Bauer at the gas chambers of Sobibor.

SERVICE AT TREBLINKA:
In July 1942 he was sent by Wirth to Treblinka, to install another gassing engine.
Fuchs testified about himself at the Hagen Trial: "Subsequently I went to Treblinka. In this extermination camp I installed a generator which supplied electric light for the barracks. The work in Treblinka took me about three to four busy months. During my stay there transports of Jews who were gassed were coming in daily"(Arad, p. 43).

FATE:
In December 1942 he managed to arrange dismissal from T4. From early 1943 he worked for the German oil company Ostland-Öl-Vertriebsgesellschaft in Riga. In February 1945 he became a soldier and member of the Waffen-SS, where he served in a tank transport unit. In March 1945 he was wounded during a bombing raid. For two months held as POW by the Russians, subsequently as a POW by US Forces in Western Germany. Employed by the British Army as a driver/mechanic in Bergen Belsen. Dismissed in 1946. Until 1962 he worked as assistant worker, locksmith, and truck inspector at the "TÜv" in Koblenz. Since 8 April 1963 he was in custody.
The Schwurgericht am Landgericht Hagen sentenced him to four years imprisonment on 20 December 1966 for being an accessory to the murder of at least 79,000 people. He died in Koblenz.


GIRTZIG, Hans Otto Gustav SS-Scharführer
?/?/? - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
Served at Grafeneck and Hartheim. In Hartheim he was chief of the canteen.

SERVICE AT BELZEC AND SOBIBOR:
Unknown.

FATE:
Unknown


GLEY, Heinrich SS-Oberscharführer
16/02/1901 - ?/10/1985

BACKGROUND:
Elementary school education. Worked on a farm until 1919. From 1929 he worked as male nurse. NSDAP member since 1932, SS member in 1934. Promoted SS-Unterscharführer in 1937. Came to T4 on 4 January 1940. At Grafeneck he transported victims. Served also at Sonnenstein.
In winter of 1941/42 to Russia. There he served in an OT (Organisation Todt) transportation unit for wounded soldiers.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
In mid August 1942 to Belzec where he remained until August 1943. He was on guard duty, worked on the ramp, and led the Jews to the undressing barracks, where he worked also.
After Belzec he was ordered to Poniatowa labour camp.

FATE:
Ordered to Italy. Because of illness in late 1944 returned to Berlin. Served in the SS until end of war. Discharged from POW status on 29 December 1947. Worked as bricklayer in Münster. Acquitted at the Belzec Trial.


GÖCKEL, Rudolf
?/?/? - ?/?/1965 (1960 (BDC))

BACKGROUND:
Unknown.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
Reichsbahn official. In charge of Belzec station who drove the trains into the camp.

FATE:
Imprisoned in Zamosc for three years, never charged. Died 1965 in Laufen/Neckar near Stuttgart.


GRAETSCHUS, Siegfried SS-Oberscharführer
09/06/1916 - 14/10/1943

BACKGROUND:
Born in Tilsit (East Prussia). Eight classes extended elementary school. Profession: farmer. 1939/40 to T4. Member of NSDAP since 1936 and SS (1935). Served at the Bernburg office.

SERVICE AT TREBLINKA AND SOBIBOR:
After a short time at Treblinka he was ordered to Sobibor in August 1942. There he became the successor to Lachmann who was in charge of the Ukrainian guards. He was all over the camp wherever there was something to do, as well as present in camp III, to check if all was according to his instructions.He was promoted Untersturmführer.

FATE:
Killed during the Sobibor revolt.


GRINGERS, Karl
?/?/? - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
Served at Hadamar, Hartheim and Bernburg. No further details known.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
Unknown.

FATE:
Killed in Italy 1944. Buried at the German Military Cemetery in Costermano near Verona, Italy.


GROTH, Paul Johannes SS-Unterscharführer
21/01/1918 - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
Born in Sopot (Zoppot) near Gdansk (Danzig). Served at Hartheim.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
No details known. Wirth kept transferring him because his drunken behaviour periodically upset the extermination process (Tregenza).

SERVICE AT SOBIBOR:
For the first months he supervised the sorting of clothes at Camp II and he regularly came to Camp III as well. Survivors called him one of the worst sadists. Witness Margulies: "Every day he killed someone!". He had an affair with a Jewish girl.

FATE:
In order to obtain a widows pension, declared dead by his wife in 1951. In 1962 he was still missing. No further details known.


HACKENHOLT, Lorenz SS-Hauptscharführer
25/06/1914 - 31/12/1945 declared to be dead at the instigation of his wife.

BACKGROUND:
Member of NSDAP and SS (1934). Driver at Sonnenstein. Also served at Grafeneck. Affiliation to squad or detachment unknown.

SERVICE AT BELZEC, SOBIBOR AND TREBLINKA:
One of Wirth's favourites, he helped to build and operate the gas chambers at Belzec. Assisted in building gas chambers at Sobibor. The plans for the new gas chamber at Treblinka were drawn up by Hackenholt who was then at Belzec, but he also assisted in laying the gas pipes for the Treblinka gas chambers. (Tregenza, p.5)

Hackenholt as remembered by Suchomel: "At Treblinka, the Ukrainians at first had led their usual wild and drunken way of life at the camp, but were brought to heel by Wirth, Oberhauser and Hackenholt with an iron hand, that is, whips and punishments." (Tregenza, p.42)
Was promoted SS-Hauptscharführer in September 1943, no doubt due to his zealous work at the extermination camps.
At Belzec the gas chambers were referred to as the "Stiftung Hackenholt" (Hackenholt Foundation), above which there was a Star of David similar to Treblinka. (Klee, p.242)

FATE:
Served in Italy. Almost certainly survived the war in the Allgäu area around Memmingen-Kempten in the German-Austrian border region (Tregenza). Was spotted by his brother, driving a cart, but has never been brought to trial. No further details known.

See the Hackenholt Photo Story!


HIRCHE, Fritz Kriminal-Inspektor
10/06/1893 - 01/05/1945

BACKGROUND:
Born in Penzig (Oberlausitz). Manual worker. Detective assistant (Kriminalobersekretär). Member of NSDAP since 1933, 1939 to T4. Chief of office and captain of the Schutzpolizei at Bernburg. Ordered to Hartheim.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
No details known.

FATE:
Suicide.

Photo: Bundesarchiv Berlin


JIRMANN, Fritz SS-Oberscharführer
11/01/1914 - 01/03/1943

BACKGROUND:
Unknown.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
According to Franciszek Piper (member of the editorial staff of 2nd edition of Reder's testimony) Jirmann served at the reception area and in the Lazarett. Apart from this he was responsible for training and discipline among the Ukrainian crew (Trawnikis).

Rudolf Reder stated:
"...The sick, the old and the small children, all the ones who could not walk on their own, were placed on stretchers and set down at the edge of enormous dug graves. Gestapo man Irrman shot them there, and then pushed them into the grave with the rifle butt. This same Irrman, a specialist in finishing off old people and small children, a tall Gestapo man, a handsome dark-haired man with a normal facial expression, lived, like the others, in Belzec next to the station, in a little house, all by himself and, like the others, with no family or woman.
He appeared in the camp early in the morning, spent the whole day there, and took delivery of the death transports. As soon as the victims were unloaded, they were assembled in the yard, surrounded by armed Askars, and here Irrman gave a speech. There was a deathly silence. He stood close to the crowd. Everyone wanted to hear; hope dawned suddenly in us: If they are speaking to us, perhaps we're going to live, perhaps there will be some sort of work, perhaps after all. ... Irrman spoke very loudly and distinctly: "lhr gehts jetzt baden, nachher werdet ihr zur Arbeit geschickt" (Now you are going for a bath, and afterwards you will be sent to work). That was all. Everybody cheered up and was happy that they were going to work after all. They applauded. I remember his words repeated day in and day out, usually three times a day, repeated for the four months I was there. It was a moment of hope and delusion. For an instant, the people breathed easy. There was total calm. The whole crowd moved on in silence, the men straight through the yard to a building on which it was written in large letters: "Bade und lnhalationsräume" (Baths and Inhalation Rooms). The women went some twenty meters further to a large barrack, thirty meters by fifteen. The women and girls had their hair shaved off in that barracks. They entered, not knowing why they had been led there. The calm and silence lasted a moment longer. Later on I saw that only a few minutes later, when they were given wooden stools and lined up across the barracks, when they were ordered to sit, and eight Jewish barbers, robots silent as the grave, approached them to shave their hair down to the scalp with clippers, the awareness of the whole truth hit them at that instant, and none of them and none of the men on the way to the chambers could have doubts any longer. ... The SS men ordered the orchestra to play the tune "Es geht alles voriiber, es geht alles verbei" and "Drei Lilien, kommt ein Reiter gefahren, bricht der Lilien". They played on violins, flutes and an accordion. This went on for some time. Afterwards they stood the president of the Zamosc Judenrat against a wall and beat him with lead-tipped canes, mostly about the head and face, until the blood flowed. Irrman, the fat Gestapo man Schwarz, Schmidt, and several Askars carried out the torture. They ordered their victim to dance and jump to their blows and the music. After several hours, they brought him a quarter-loaf of bread and forced him with beatings to eat it. He stood there with the blood trickling down, indifferent, serious, and I didn't hear a single moan. This man's tribulations continued for seven hours. The SS men stood laughing: "Das ist eine höhere Person, Präsident des Judenrates" (This is a dignitary, the head of the Judenrat), they called out with loud, cruel bravado. Not until 6 p.m. did the Gestapo man Schmidt push him along to the edge of the grave, shoot him in the head, and kick him onto the heap of gassed corpses. ... Aside from him, Gestapo men - four other bandits - ran things; they supervised and directed the whole slaughterhouse. It is hard to imagine worse thugs. One of them was Fritz Irrman, a man of about thirty, a Stabscharführer, the camp quarter­master and a specialist at shooting children and old people. He committed every cruelty with stony calm, he behaved inscrutably and silently, every day he told the doomed ones they were going to the baths and then to work. ..."

FATE:
Shot and accidentally killed by Gley on 1 March 1943 in an incident with two Ukrainian guards in the dark. He was buried in Tomaszow Lubelski, and in 1995 his remains were moved by Germans to the military cemetery in Przemysl. Unlike all his victims Jirmann has a grave with his name engraved in stone, at a well-tended German miltary cemetery in Przemysl.


JÜRS, Robert Emil Xaver SS-Unterscharführer
17/10/1911 - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
Born in Frankfurt/Main. Elementary school education (8 years). Member of NSDAP since 1930. SA membership from 1930 until 1935. SS man. Profession: Painter. Worked as labourer, caretaker, usher at the Frankfurt Opera and office clerk at the Winterhilfswerk.
Joined T4 in June 1941. The same month he was sent to Hadamar where he was employed as male nurse, painter and clerk until late 1941.

SERVICE AT BELZEC AND SOBIBOR:
In Belzec from June 1942 until February/March 1943. He served throughout the camp as a guard, at the ramp and at the "Lazarett". According to his statement (interrogation on 18 December 1969 in Frankfurt/Main) he was in Sobibor from 1 November - early December 1943, with the same function. In the meantime he served at the Dorohucza labour camp near Trawniki, probably from March - November 1943. In Sobibor he helped dismantling the camp and killing the last Jews there.

FATE:
Ordered to Italy in December 1943. Arrested by US troops on 11 May 1945 in Kufstein. Released on 3 August 1945. Arrested again in Frankfurt/M., and imprisoned at Dachau internment camp until November 1946. Arrested again in 1947, for 8 weeks. Then he worked as civil servant, businessman, newspaper driver, hotel janitor, and house superintendent until 1960.
Acquitted at the Belzec Trial in Munich and the Sobibor Trial.

Photo: GFH


KAMM, Rudolf SS-Scharführer
?/?/? - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
Born in Teplitz / Schönau. Served at the Sonnenstein euthanasia centre as "burner".

SERVICE AT BELZEC AND SOBIBOR:
After Belzec he came to Sobibor in autumn 1942. Served at the sorting barracks. He remained in Sobibor for five months.

FATE:
Ordered to Italy. Discharged on 18 February 1946, then disappeared.


KILMINSKI, Otto
?/?/? - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
Driver at Hadamar.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
Employed as driver, delivering provisions. Worked in the camp garage and in Camp 1 unloading transports.

FATE:
Ordered to Italy where he also worked as driver.

Source: Tregenza Archive


KLOß, Walter
?/?/? - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
Driver at Sonnenstein.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
Unknown.

FATE:
Transferred to KZ Majdanek. Killed there in unknown circumstances.


KRASCHEWSKI, Fritz
?/?/? - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
Served at Grafeneck and probably Hadamar.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
Unfit for Aktion Reinhard duties. Sent to KZ Auschwitz by Wirth.

FATE:
Unknown.


LORENT, Friedrich
SS-Untersturmführer
?/?/? - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
Chief of T4 economics since 1942. Responsible for supply of gas cylinders. Served at the euthanasia centre in Hartheim.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
Only for a short time at the beginning of camp activities.

FATE:
Survived the war. In 1945, on his escape from Berlin, Lorent carried money and cheques worth 1.2 million Reichsmark with him. After the war people were struck by the unusual amount of money in his possession. Trial in Frankfurt in 1969 / 1970. See his sketch of the camp in "Belzec Maps".


NIEMANN, Johann SS-Untersturmführer
04/08/1913 - 14/10/1943

BACKGROUND:
Born in Völlen. Painter. "Burner" at Bernburg euthanasia centre. Member of NSDAP (no. 753.836) since 1931 and SS (no. 270.600).
Also served at Esterwegen and Sachsenhausen KZs between 1934 - 1941.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
Served in Belzec as SS-Hauptscharführer before he was permanently posted to Sobibor.

SERVICE AT SOBIBOR:
As a soldier in the Waffen-SS, he served several times in 1942 as acting commander in this camp. From early 1943 he occupied the post of camp commander permanently. He was responsible for the events in Camp III. Promoted SS-Untersturmführer after Himmler's visit to the camp on 12 February 1943.

FATE:
During the Sobibor revolt he was the first SS-officer to be killed at the dressmaking barrack.


OBERHAUSER, Josef SS-Untersturmführer
20/09/1915 - 22/11/1979

BACKGROUND:
Born in Munich. Day labourer at farms. 7 years elementary school. Member of SS (no. 288.121) since November 1935 (Totenkopfstandarte "Brandenburg"). SS-Rottenführer since 1936 and SS-Unterscharführer since 1938. 1939 member of "SS Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler" and involved in the Poland campaign. Afterwards promoted SS-Oberscharführer.
In November 1939 to T4. At Bernburg as "burner" from autumn 1940 until autumn 1941. Also at Grafeneck, Brandenburg and Sonnenstein. Ordered to Lublin in November 1941.
From November until Christmas 1941 staff member of SS- and Polizeiführer Lublin, Globocnik. From Christmas 1941 constant companion of Wirth, liaison officer to Globocnik.
SERVICE AT BELZEC:
From November 1941 until 1 August 1942 in Belzec as contact to the Lublin office without a special task but leader of guard platoon. On 1 August 1942 ordered to Wirth's office. He became chief of the Ukrainian guards in Lublin. Accompanied Wirth on his inspection tours of the three camps (Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka).
Promoted SS-Untersturmführer on 20 April 1943 because of his "merits" in the course of Aktion Reinhard.

FATE:
In Autumn 1943 ordered to Italy where he was promoted SS-Obersturmführer on 30 January 1945. Captured by British troops in May 1945 in Bad Gastein (Austria).
Sentenced to 15 years in prison by Landgericht Magdeburg. Amnesty on 28 April 1956. Casual labourer and waiter in Munich. Then sentenced to 4 years and 6 months by Landgericht München in 1965.


ORLIEWSKI, ? ?/?/? - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
A Reichsdeutscher T4 man. Served in Sonnenstein as "burner".

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
No details known. Perhaps in Sobibor too.

FATE:
Wanted since 1946 in the German Democratic Republic, not found.


SCHLUCH, Karl Alfred SS-Unterscharführer
25/10/1905 - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
Born in Lauenburg (Pommern). Spent his childhood with his grandparents. 8 years elementary school. Agricultural worker, from April 1930 attendant at the sanatorium on Dr Wiener in Bernau near Berlin. Public nursing examination ("very good") in 1932. NSDAP member since 1936. Duty bound to T4 on 13 June 1940.
Served at Grafeneck and Hadamar. From late winter 1941 until March 1942 to Russia. There he served in an OT (Organisation Todt) transportation unit for wounded soldiers.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
Schluch was in Belzec from June 1942 until early summer 1943. He served as a guard at the ramp, and accompanied the naked Jews through the Schleuse (sluice) to the gas chambers.

FATE:
After Belzec to Poniatowa labour camp. In autumn 1943 to Italy, where he fought against partisans, probably in the frame of "Aktion R".
At the end of war he was arrested by US troops, but released on 6 July 1945. Until 1948 agricultural worker, from 1948 - 1952 construction worker. From 1952 male nurse again, at the hospital in Bedburg-Hau.


SCHWARZ, Gottfried SS-Hauptscharführer, promoted to SS-Untersturmführer after Aktion Reinhard
?/?/1913 - 19/06/1944 Nickname Friedl

BACKGROUND:
Born in Fürth (Germany). Served as T4 member at Brandenburg, Grafeneck and Bernburg as "burner".

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
Deputy commander and head of the gassing squad from Winter 1941. Himmler praised him as one of the most meritful men of Aktion Reinhard.
SERVICE AT SOBIBOR:
According to Erich Fuchs he served also at Sobibor.

FATE:
After Belzec / Sobibor commander of the Dorohucza labour camp, then ordered to Trieste in Italy (Einsatz R). He was killed in San Pietro (Istria / Italy) in 1944. Buried at the German military cemetery at Costermano near Verona (grave no. 666).


SPORLEDER, Erich SS-Unterscharführer
06/02/1908 - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
Born in Calbe / Saale, near Bernburg. T4 member in Bernburg.

SERVICE AT BELZEC, DOROHUCZA, AND SOBIBOR:
Since 1942 in Belzec. He belonged to the permanent staff. SS-Unterscharführer in 1943. Via Dorohucza labour camp (1943) after the Aktion Erntefest to Sobibor for winding up the camp. Together with Jührs and Zierke he shot the last remaining Jews there.

FATE:
Finally sent to Italy (1944).


TAUSCHER, Friedrich SS-Oberscharführer
20/05/1903 - ?/?/1965

BACKGROUND:
Detective officer.Worked as supervisor at the registry office of Sonnenstein. Member of NSDAP and SS. Also served at Brandenburg and Hartheim. Then ordered to Poland.

SERVICE AT TRAWNIKI, BELZEC, DOROHUCZA, AND SOBIBOR:
In Trawniki he became instructor in corpse cremation. From October 1942 until March 1943 deputy commander in Belzec. SS-Oberscharführer in 1943. In charge of cremation of bodies and dismantling of the camp until March 1943. According to statement of Jührs and Zierke he was the last commander of the forced labour camp Dorohucza. In November 1943 for 14 days in Sobibor for winding up the camp.

FATE:
In 1944 he served in Italy. 1965: Suicide in prison.


UNVERHAU, Heinrich SS-Unterscharführer
26/05/1911 (05/06/1911 (BDC))- ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
Born in Vienenburg. 8 years elementary school in Fellstedt. April 1925 plumber's apprentice, after an accident he lost the sight in his right eye. Then he worked as musician and from 1934 - January 1940 as male nurse. NSDAP since 1937.
Duty bound to T4, where he worked as male nurse from January 1940 - early 1942 at the Hadamar and Grafeneck euthanasia centres. There he escorted victims to the gas chambers, injected sedatives, ventilated the gas chambers and dealt with the disposal of the bodies and property.
In winter of 1941/42 to Russia. There he served in an OT (Organisation Todt) transportation unit for wounded soldiers in Wjasma.

SERVICE AT BELZEC AND SOBIBOR:
Came to Belzec in June 1942. There he supervised the undressing barrack and was responsible for delivery of all clothes to the storage room in the locomotive shed.
In November 1942 to Sobibor. Supervised the workers at the undressing place in Camp II. Served in the sorting barracks and the Waldkommando. Remained in Sobibor until March 1943.

FATE:
In December 1943 he was sent to Italy to fight agains partisans. On 15 March 1944 he was released from T4, and on 27 April 1944 he was drafted into the Wehrmacht.
POW in 1945, released from internment on 9 September 1945. He returned to Frellstedt, and worked as musician. Arrested on 16 March 1949 because of his involvement in T4. After having been in remand prison for 16 months he was declared not guilty. Since 1952 he worked again as male nurse at the county hospital in Königslutter.
Acquitted in the Grafeneck (1948), Belzec (1963 - 64) and Sobibor (1965) trials. He was the only SS man who, immediately after the war, spoke voluntarily about his involvement in Aktion Reinhard.


VALLASTER, Josef SS-Scharführer
05/02/1910 - 14/10/1943

BACKGROUND:
Born in Silbertal (Austria). Served at Hartheim as "chief burner". He was allowed to open the gas tap.

SERVICE AT BELZEC:
Only for in Belzec for a short time. Helped to construct the camp.

SERVICE AT SOBIBOR:
One of the leaders in Camp III. There he supervised the gassing, burying and cremating. He often drove the narrow gauge locomotive which transported infirm and old people to Camp III. Frenzel called him cruel.

FATE:
Killed during the Sobibor revolt. In 1988 in Silbertal the German Historian Peter Witte discovered a monument with the inscription "Die Gemeinde Silbertal den Opfern der Kriege" (The community of Silbertal to the victims of the wars), on which Vallasta's name was inscribed.


ZÄNKER, Hans SS-Scharführer
08/09/1905 - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
Served as chief of the kitchen at Sonnenstein.

SERVICE AT BELZEC AND TREBLINKA:
No details known.

FATE:
Also served in San Sabba, Italy. No further details known.


ZIERKE, Ernst SS-Unterscharführer
06/05/1905 - ?/?/?

BACKGROUND:
Born in Krampe near Köslin. 8 years elementary school. Left school at the age of 13. Worked as woodcutter and blacksmith. NSDAP and SA member since 1930. From 1934 - January 1940 male nurse at Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Neuruppin.
Duty bound to T4 in January 1940. Male nurse and driver at Grafeneck, Hadamar, and Sonnenstein. In winter 1941 / 1942 ordered from the mental home in Eichberg to OT (Organisation Todt) in Russia, in the Wjasma area. Early 1942 back to Eichberg near Rüdesheim.

SERVICE AT BELZEC AND DOROHUCZA:
In June 1942 ordered to Belzec. Served as a guard on the ramp and supervised the undressing barrack. Responsible for the camp forge. Also took part in the execution of the last group of Jewish workers.
When Belzec closed down, he was transferred to Dorohucza labour camp near Trawniki, in March 1943. When that camp closed he stayed on with Jührs to supervise the dismantling of the buildings.

SERVICE AT SOBIBOR:
In autumn 1943 ordered to Sobibor to complete the dismantling of the camp and to shoot the last remaining Jews.

FATE:
In December 1943 ordered to Italy, to fight against partisans and serve at San Sabba. After end of war arrested in a POW camp. Rearrested on 31 January 1963. Acquitted at the Belzec Trial in Munich (1964) and Sobibor Trial in Hagen (1965). Released for health reasons.


The majority of the SS men who served at the death camps of Aktion Reinhard were never brought to trial.

Disclaimer: We have relied on the information provided by the sources credited at the end of this document. We therefore cannot be held responsible for any inaccurate or erroneous details contained in the entries listed above.

Credits to sources other than from listed publications:

Dr Boris Böhm, Sonnenstein Memorial
Dr Ute Hoffmann, Bernburg Memorial
Peter Witte, German historian and author
Schloss Kalkum archive, Düsseldorf
Dr Heinz-Ludger Borgert, Ludwigsburg archive
Klee, Ernst. Was sie taten - was sie wurden

Bibliography

Information gained from the following publications and material:

Arad, Yitzhak. Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: Operation Reinhard Death Camps.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.

Friedlander, Henry. The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution.
Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1995.

Hoffmann, Dr Ute and Schulze, Dietmar. Gedenkstätte Bernburg.

Klee, Ernst (ed); The Good old days: the Holocaust as seen by its perpetrators and bystanders.
New York: The Free Press, 1991.

Böhm, Dr Boris, et al. Nationalsozialistische Euthanasieverbrechen in Sachsen.
Dresden, Pirna: Kuratorium Gedenkstätte Sonnenstein e.V., 1996

Böhm, Dr Boris, et al. Sonnenstein Heft 3 / 2001.
Pirna: Kuratorium Gedenkstätte Sonnenstein e.V., 2001

Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution. The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe 1939-1945. South Brunswick, New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1961.

Schilter, Thomas. Unmenschliches Ermessen.
Leipzig: Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag, 1999.

Tregenza, Michael. Christian Wirth: Inspekteur der Sonderkommandos, "Aktion Reinhard".
Unpublished English article. (Published in Polish as: 'Zessyty Majdanka', Vol. XV, Lublin 1993)

Photo Credits

Donat: Photo from Alexander Donat's book, The Death Camp Treblinka. Holocaust Library, New York, 1979

GFH: Photo or cropped sections thereof, as found on the website of Ghetto Fighters House, http://www.gfh.org.il/

NRW Hauptstaatsarchiv Schloss Kalkum

Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Dresden

Gedenkstätte Pirna-Sonnenstein

All other photos: ARC Archive

© ARC (http://www.deathcamps.org) 2006